Definition of Chinese Exclusion Act

The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first U.S. law to restrict the immigration of a specific ethnic group. Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882, it was a response to a nativist backlash against Chinese immigration in the American West Coast. It was passed after a campaign against Chinese workers, which included violent assaults. A faction of American workers felt that the Chinese provided unfair competition, claiming they were brought into the country to provide cheap labor. Chinese Workers Arrived During the Gold Rush The discovery of gold in California in the late 1840s created a desire for workers who would perform grueling and often dangerous work for very low wages. Brokers working with mine operators began to bring Chinese laborers to California, and in the early 1850s, as many as 20,000 Chinese workers arrived each year. By the 1860s, the Chinese population constituted a considerable number of workers in California. It was estimated that approximately 100,000 Chinese males were in California by 1880. American workers, many of them Irish immigrants, felt they were at an unfair disadvantage. Railroad construction was booming in the West, and the railroad business relied disproportionately on Chinese workers, who had earned a reputation for taking on harsh and difficult labor for minimal pay and in dismal conditions. White laborers also targeted the Chinese for being far outside the mainstream of American society. They tended to live in enclaves which became known as Chinatowns, didnt often wear American clothing, and rarely learned English. They were seen as very different from European immigrants. and were generally mocked as inferior. Hard Times Lead to Violence Railroad companies, managed by whites, mistreated and openly discriminated against the Chinese in many ways, such as by not allowing them to attend the ceremony when the golden spike was driven to make the completion of the transcontinental railroad. Because they still relied on their cheap Chinese labor, however, the stiff competition for work created a tense and often violent situation. A series of economic downturns in the 1870s led to an atmosphere wherein Chinese workers were blamed for the loss of work by those bitterly complaining and out of work white laborers from mostly immigrant backgrounds. Job losses and wage cuts accelerated persecution of Chinese workers by whites, and in 1871, a Los Angeles mob killed 19 Chinese people. The collapse of a prominent New York City bank, Jay Cooke and Company, kicked off a financial crisis in 1873 that rippled through California and put an end to railroad construction. By the mid-1870s, many thousands of Chinese workers were suddenly idled. They sought other work, which only exacerbated racial tensions, leading to more incidents of mob violence throughout the 1870s. Anti-Chinese Legislation Appeared in Congress In 1877, an Irish-born businessman in San Francisco, Denis Kearney, formed the Workingmans Party of California. Though ostensibly a political party, similar to the Know-Nothing Party of earlier decades, it also functioned as a pressure group focused on anti-Chinese legislation. Kearneys group succeeded in attaining political power in California, and became an effective opposition party to the Republican Party. Making no secret of his racism, Kearney referred to Chinese laborers as Asiatic pests. In 1879, spurred on by activists such as Kearney, Congress passed the 15 Passenger Act. It would have limited Chinese immigration, but President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed it. The objection Hayes voiced to the law was that it violated the 1868 Burlingame Treaty the U.S. had signed with China. So, in 1880, the U.S. negotiated a new treaty with China that allowed some immigration restrictions. New legislation, which became the Chinese Exclusion Act, was drafted. The new law suspended Chinese immigration for ten years, and also made Chinese citizens ineligible to become American citizens. Though the law was challenged by Chinese workers, it was upheld and even renewed in 1892 and 1902, at which point the exclusion of Chinese immigration became indefinite. Ultimately, the Chinese Exclusion Act was in place until 1943, when Congress finally repealed it at the height of World War II. Resources and Further Reading Batten, Donna, editor. â€Å"Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.† Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2010, pp. 385-386.Baker, Lawrence W., and James L. Outman, editors. â€Å"Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.† U.S. Immigration and Migration Reference Library, 1st ed., vol. 5: Primary Sources, U-X-L, Gale, 2004, pp. 75-87.

I Too by Langston Hughes vs One Song America Before I Go...

Alexander Tharpe English 1102 Dr. Wurz 29 September 2013 Originality and Nationality One of the most disturbing things in today’s culture is a loss of originality and nationality. People are no longer proud to be Americans and instead of pushing for new heights people follow in the footsteps of others. People today need heir sense of self back and need to start taking pride in what they do and where they’re from. In â€Å"One Song, America, Before I Go† by Walt Whitman and â€Å"I Too† by Langston Hughes, the speakers celebrated the concepts of individuality, originality, and nationality. People of all kinds are influenced by their everyday life and it shows in their work. Walt Whitman is no exception to this rule. Whitman was born in 1819†¦show more content†¦I think he is saying that not only will there always be the Grand Canyon and the crystal clear beaches but the fertile land will last seemingly forever and bring great things to America for centuries to come. He backs up this idea when he sings, à ¢â‚¬Å"I’d sing o’er all the rest, with trumpet sounds / For thee- the Future† (Whitman Lines 2-3). I believe he is saying he wants to get up and sing for the future because he knows what wonderful things it should hold. Finally Whitman backs up everything he’s stated by saying â€Å"Belief I sing† which shows that he actually does believe in what he is saying. Just as Walt Whitman’s literature was influenced by what he experienced in life, Langston Hughes’ literature shows direct relationships with what he was going through in his everyday life. While racism may have shaped Hughes’ everyday life, Walt Whitman shaped Hughes as we know him today. Walt Whitman and Langston Hughes have a connection that not many people come to realize. It is obvious that Langston Hughes stood for equal rights but it’s commonly overlooked that Whitman stood his ground for equal rights as well. Whitman commonly voiced his strong opinions on abo lishing slavery and promoting equal rights for all men. I believe this played at least a small role in some of Hughes’ poems and stories in his lifetime. Even though Langston Hughes was born during troubling times in

The Clouds and the History of Peloponnesian War Free Essays

Breaking down traditions: The â€Å"Clouds† and the â€Å"History of Peloponnesian War† Undeniably, the ancient Greek society places a heavy emphasis on values and traditions. The two texts of the â€Å"Clouds† by Aristophanes and â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian war† by Thucydides, although contextually divergent, are actually conceptually convergent. Both texts are built around the central theme of the collapse of conventional values. We will write a custom essay sample on The Clouds and the History of Peloponnesian War or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the breakdown of traditional values in the â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian war† is presented in a more metaphorical and symbolical manner, the downfall of conventional values in the â€Å"Clouds† is on a more direct basis. Although both texts essentially convey across the same solemn message that the relinquishment of traditional values leads to dire consequences, Aristophanes also implicitly challenges the authority of old values, and hopes to improve upon these traditions. The â€Å"Clouds† by Aristophanes is a satirical play primarily concerned with the idea of new and old education. A satire is a composition or prose used to lampoon individuals or society. They usually make use of ridicules and irony for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discouraging vice or folly. In the â€Å"Clouds†, viewers are presented with a breakdown of traditionally accepted moral and ethical values, especially those that are related to education. Aristophanes is a staunch defender of old values. Through the comedy, he wishes to show his support for logical reasoning that is well rounded and grounded in practical experience. Simultaneously, Aristophanes also wants to deliver a message to the theater audiences of fifth century that certain philosophers, particularly the sophists, undermine traditional values and thus pose as a threat to Greek society. However, by deliberately satirizing the traditional model of education with the new model throughout the comedy, Aristophanes subtly suggests his belief that if a traditional system were to be left unexamined, it might lose sight of the convictions and values upon which it was founded. This also shows that Aristophanes believes the importance of criticism in the Athenian society, and that with criticism, a society can be improved upon. In comparison to â€Å"The History of the Peloponnesian War,† there are distinctions between the ways in which traditional values are broken down. In the latter, the Mytilenian debate and the Melian dialogues are based on the war between Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. It is more concerned with the ethics of war and punishments rather than education in â€Å"The Clouds†. Warring sparks are ignited in the light of self-interest, as the Spartans fear the growth of the Athenian power. Many moral judgments, as dire consequences of the wars, are debated upon. There are increasing political and ethical confusions in Athens as a result of the revolt of the Mytilenians and the neutral position take up by the Melians. In the 2nd Mytilenian debate, the Athenians argue over the unprecedented brutality of their actions and some become hesitant about the hurried decision to kill and enslave the citizens of Mytileans. Democracy is an important concept for the Greeks. In Cleon’s speech, however, he begins by questioning the worth of democracy and this instigates a breakdown in the traditional values. â€Å"Personally I have had occasions often enough already to observe that a democracy is incapable of governing others, and I am all the more convinced of this when I see how you are now changing your minds about the Mytilenians. (Thuy 3. 37) Cleon believes that it is part of human nature to revere the strong and take advantage of the weak, and hence he pushes for the punishment of the Mytilenians. In his speech, Cleon also employs the art of rhetoric. He stresses that the Mytilenian are more than guilty and consequently deserve the punishment since they are â€Å"calculated aggressors† (Thu y 36. 13). Hence, Cleon suggests that the Mytilenians are not worthy of the Athenian’s sympathy votes. Such a way of argument is a sure fire case of guilt or innocence. Making use of rhetoric devices and compromising the ideals of democracy breach the ideals of traditions in the Greek society. Unlike that in the â€Å"Clouds†, Thucydides does not show any sign of flaws of the traditional values. Although based on different circumstances, the breakdown of traditional values in â€Å"The History of the Peloponnesian war† parallels to that in the â€Å"Clouds†. The â€Å"Clouds† also utilizes extensive use of rhetoric devices. Strepsiades decides to submit to the sophist’s way of education, so that he would be able to defend himself against his creditors. The first sign of erosion of traditional value is exposed when Strepsiades decides to enroll himself in the Thinkery under the guidance of Socrates. The ability to manipulate language and turn everything into relativism erodes the principles of traditional Athenian beliefs. Indisputably, the new philosophy wins. Sophistry is the type of linguistic device that, in the face of the weakness of traditional beliefs, undermines the value of anything. Strepsiades opines, â€Å"Holy Earth, what a voice! How divine, how awesome, how fantastic! † (363) In which Socrates responds, â€Å"Yes, you know, these are the only real divinities, all the rest is bunkum. (365) In the new system of beliefs as advocated by the sophists, there is a rejection of the traditional religion and a belief in the new â€Å"gods†. The comical way through which ideas are portrayed may be witty, but the core issue lies at the heart of the play’s moral indignation at what is happening in Athens. Th ere are possibilities for that life is being systematically corrupted by the seductive power of words, of language itself. Language is now a tool of human beings, modified to accommodate human beings’ desires, rather than directing those desires. The underlying basis here in the â€Å"Clouds† is a direct correspondence to the ideas as presented in the Mytilenian debate, that traditionally held values are now being gradually eroded in the light of self interest. As we progress on to the rest of the texts, the tension in breaking traditional Greek values further intensifies. This is evident in the â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian War† as we advance to the Melian dialogue. The true colors of human nature are exposed under desperate conditions. The Athenians have now completed the transition from democracy and are fully embracing the epitomes of imperialism. The Athenians, in a frank and matter-of-fact manner, offer the Melians an ultimatum: to surrender and pay tribute to Athens, or be destroyed. The Melian dialogue also opens up morality issues based on destruction of the Melos. Traditional democratic ideas are fragmented as imperialistic ideas are introduced. â€Å"Our opinion of the gods and our knowledge of men lead us to conclude that it is a general and necessary law of nature to rule whatever one can. † (Thuy 5. 105). Abuses of traditional values are reflected throughout the dialogue as both parties act in the light of their own self-interests. The Athenians make extensive use of rhetorical speeches in an attempt to exert their points and subjugate the Melians. I quote the Athenians, â€Å"You, by giving in, would save yourselves from disaster; we, by not destroying you, would be able to profit from you† (Thuy 5. 93). The use of rhetoric embodies the concept of ethical and moral relativism. It follows the core belief of the sophists that nothing is absolute and men are the measure of everything. The breakdown of traditional values is also intensified and heightened in the â€Å"Clouds†, as presented in the fiery debate between the Right and the Wrong Arguments. The debate is a direct, head on clash of traditional values versus the new ideas. Right’s arguments are centered around traditional values such as respect, justice and diligence. On the opposing end, wrong proposes the idea of moral and ethical relativism. This also symbolizes a debate between nomos and physis. Justice is now no longer an inborn characteristic of humanity (physis), but rather a convention invented by the weaker party as a defense against the stronger (nomos) counterpart. Right and wrong are now merely matters of convention. Right: â€Å"Simply by presenting the case for justice† Wrong: â€Å"It’ll crumble as soon as I open my mouth. My position is that there isn’t any such thing as justice† Right: â€Å"No such thing?! † Wrong: â€Å"Well, if there is, where is it to be found? † (901) In the debate, even the Right argument, who is supposed to follow the ideals of tradition, makes use of rhetoric devices. The fundamentals of the traditional Greek society are disintegrated. Also, Pheidippides’ final decision to choose the Wrong argument also represents the younger Athenian generation’s inclination to modernity and discard of tradition. Although both Aristophanes and Thucydides suggest the idea of the breakdown of traditional values, Aristophanes takes it to a higher level in the â€Å"Clouds†. He acknowledges the faults with traditional values while simultaneously criticizing the use of sophistry. He depicts the Right argument and an embarrassment that utters vacuous statements such as â€Å"Be ashamed when you ought to be ashamed,† (1013). This shows that Aristophanes feels that satire and criticism are no less important than traditions, as they allow the society to morph and flourish. This is different from the â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian War† as Thucydides simply portrays the breakdown of traditional values in a negative light. Nonetheless, both texts end on a similar note. The two writers present to the viewers/readers the dire consequences as results of breaching traditional values. In the context of the â€Å"History of the Peloponnesian War†, the Melians are destroyed. Also, the very next line is history begins with the decline of the Athens and the justifications of the Melos. About the same time the Argives invaded Phliasia and were ambushed by the Phliasians and the exiles from Argos, losing about eighty men. † (Thuy 5. 115) Thucydides presumably wants to show the calamitous consequences of the actions of the Athenians, as a result of going against the traditions. The Athenians are also completely defeated with the Syracusan victory. On the other hand, in the â€Å"Clouds†, we are presented with the protagonists’ (S trepsiades) frustration that leads to destruction at the end of the play. Both texts do not move us beyond their final, unsettling acts. In the case of â€Å"Clouds†, such a paradoxical ending to a comedy can be interpreted as an ominous warning. Divergence away from the traditional values may seem ridiculously silly, especially when it is presented in the form of a comedy. However, the consequences are far from amusing. The very fact that there is no choral closure after the burning of the Thinkery suggests that this ending is ironically serious. Despite the genre differences of the texts, they are dissimilar presentations and interpretations of the same theme—the breakdown of traditional Greek values. Both texts show the dire consequences as a result of breaking off from the tradition, and hence suggest the writers’ sense of disapproval. However, as Woody Allen once alleged, â€Å"Tradition is the illusion of permanence† As a society progresses, old traditions are bound to be challenged. Unlike in the â€Å"History of Peloponnesian war†, Aristophanes recognizes the limits of traditional values in the â€Å"Clouds†. While both texts show the grim effects of the breakdown, Aristophanes brings it to a whole new level. Works Cited Aristophanes, and Alan Sommerstein. â€Å"The Clouds† Lysistrata And Other Plays. Penguin Classics, 2002. Print. * Thucydides, and Rex Warner. History of the Peloponnesian War. London, England:Penguin Group, 1972. Print. * Schironi, Francesca. â€Å"Thucydides’ Social Theory (Athenian Plague ; Corcyra); The Melian Dialogue. † Classical Civilization 101 Lecture. Ann Arbor, Michigan. November 8, 2011 * Schironi, Francesca. â€Å"Philosophy, Scientific Enquiry and the Greek Artistic Canon† Classical Civilization 101 Lecture. Ann Arbor, Michigan. November 29, 2011 How to cite The Clouds and the History of Peloponnesian War, Essay examples

Purchasing Management Fraser and Neave

Question: Discuss about the Purchasing Management Fraser and Neave. Answer: Fraser and Neave: Purchasing Management Fraser and Neave (FN) is an organization associated with brewing, property development, food and beverages since 1883. Fraser and Neave are well-known among Singapores brands and is one of the oldest organizations (Faeser and neave,1983). The business related to its food and beverage is its most traditional business which has also got international brands licensed. The purchasing manager has certain responsibilities and duties other than placing orders with the vendors and suppliers. Moreover, it is the duty of purchasing manager to look after the relationship building with the people who are behind the scenario of the company but are involved in the purchase related activities. There are four major duties of the purchasing manager such as: contract related duties, the procurements duties, management duties and analytical decisions to be taken. To analyze the purchasing properly one has to be familiar with what is actually going on in the market and what do actually the people desire to have in near future. Deciding all these in a right way is important for a purchasing manager. This process of decision making shall also include the process of finding the problems and making the procedure to be better organized. For this the purchasing procedure is divided among five major categories, with the help of the strategic sourcing of products are as: Discovering the most potential suppliers. Evaluating the suppliers properly. Selection of the suppliers. Development of the suppliers. Managing good relationships with the suppliers. Relating to the purchasing management there are three aspects which shows the effectiveness of purchasing management, done by the purchasing manager. These aspects include factors such as: supplier selection criteria, the purchasing costs included and the effectiveness of information technology for the purchasing and operations management (Kang, 2010). Supplier and selection criteria and related issues: Supplier and selection criteria is the important aspect of purchase management which includes the formation of specific teams for different sectors of the organizations such as the representative for purchasing, handling the quality management, production costs and the engineering of the operations (Kusjanto, 2001). This is called as cross functional type of team representation. Specifically there is a supplier selection criterion which is followed in the following manner: with the products and services that are to be purchased. To handle the quality system of the products or services including the level of sophistication required by the system of the quality. For the selection criterion also the capacity requirements are to be met with the potential of the delivery schedule which is desired. Moreover, the financial stability is to be met. For such the technical help must also be there for the support and hence the willingness to develop the long term relationship along with the customized designed. Fit in the total costs of the deals done with the suppliers this includes the costs related to raw material, the communications methods, all the inventory costs and the costs relating to audit and accounts. Also the suppliers must make a track record for the past changes and improvements for that matter which has taken place. At the end of the financial year taking place, the in all costs relating to the assessments made must be presented in total. The roles and responsibilities of the purchasing manager in the supplier and selection criteria, which is seen in the Faeser and neave are as: that the supplier must be potential enough with respect to the costs, quality and safety, delivery of the products on right time, services, social responsibility, other risks involved, agility and the convenience. These are the qualities of the potential suppliers which helps in the efficient management of the supplier chain in an organization. In reference to a purchasing manager, these are the roles and the responsibilities of him. Moreover, it is depends on their duty on analyzing the recent changes in the demand of the people and in which way the advancements and the recent updates about it are being analyzed on their basis of the collected data. The right decision of the purchasing manager, matters the most, and for the reason it is a must condition for the purchasing manager to know about the recent trends which the market possess and al so the people desire to have. This creates the process in the most efficient and hence as a result the procedure of selecting the supplier becomes more efficient when it comes to the purchasing manager. Purchasing costs Purchasing Costs is basically the gross value of an organization, which is required for the purpose of creating the working capital by the buyers. This purchasing price may also include the debts for which the deductions are to be made to acknowledge the equity share holding of an organization. Also, the buyer make the valuation estimate of the total actual amount which he/she wish to pay is known as the purchasing costs of the products manufactured. These costs may also include the provisions made under the non-cash of the working capital which is left regarding the sustenance for the future revenues further. This is meant by the purchasing costs of the company for the products manufactured. In an organization, when the purchases of any goods or services availed is done then they need to be analyzed also. During this procedure of analyzing the pricing done earlier is also verified. Each of the organization follows its own process for the part of analyzing. The procedure followed by the faeser and neave are defined as follows: Comparison among the competitive bids: this is one of the best measures to authenticate prices of the products or services. It is analyzed if the prices are reasonable or not. This overall is not the analysis for the total prices of the products determined. The lowest of the bids analyzed will not always represent the total costs. The comparison of price quotations: for some circumstances like the comparison of the recent past months, the price quotations with those of the newly determined are compared with the current quotes. This is more useful at the time of critically analyzing the competitive bids. Prices set by the law: when the prices are set by the regulation or the laws, the pricing structure is decided by the procurements made. When such prices are set then there is usually some kind of procurement is used in the pricing. All of these are referenced while the procurement of these items is done. Comparison of the similar items: in the era of competition amongst the similar products or services, it is usually the criteria to compare those products. This is recommended that the missed out specifications shall accompany the comparison among the prices. Comparisons of rough yardsticks: this technique is used when there is rough comparison made between the items which are most similar for example the costs per price test of the samples. Again, there must some of the explanation needs to be given for the analysis. In such a case, the supplier of the products has to give the information about the: Raw material used and their total costs. Total hours of work and labor required. Any special facilities or the tooling proposed. There must be a usage of the scrap. Disposal of the scrap. Also here the negotiations can take place, is the variables are found in this case (Borsuk, 2000). So therefore, it is concluded that the pricing and its costs analysis needs to be done. I recommend that these processes should be done in the efficient way in the organization for being the most successful. Uses of information and communication for the purchasing and operation management in Faeser and Neave Effective communication is important component for the purchasing management. Also the buyer and the supplier relationships are made by the effective uses of communication technologies in the purchase management. The purchasing managers use many of the ways of media to do communication with the suppliers and the buyers. This shall include the phone calls, meeting and discussing face to face, mails, usage of internet and the data which is interchanged electronically (Chan, 1998). Also, the communication depends upon how the transmission of the message is done in an organization. This improves the suppliers and purchasing behaviors. There are also for the purchase management several other media is used too. This for example can be used as the face to face for the purchase management activities. These are also used for purchase which impacts which transmitted electronically. The uses also have the limiting factor as the more of communication can turn out to be controversies in between t he buyers and the suppliers. These are modes used by the communication technology in the buying and purchasing for the purchasing management. Also, the expected benefits to it, includes the reduction in the performances lead-time and the shorter. This may take up less time in the delivery of the products which has the shorter lead-times. These are the uses and the advantages of the communication technology for the organization such as Faeser and neave. Moreover, the communication is essential because it provides the organization with the resources that it needs for the effective and quick communication. They can also use the way of communication as that of the video conferencing, the internal chat rooms which are made inside the organization and emails for the ease of better and effective conduction in the business and the communication. The advantages of communication with these technologies have become easier with no letter and paper sending. With the rapid usage and the adoption of the information and technology, it has been concluded that the organization like Faeser and neave has a bigger guidance over IT. This shall help in the purchasing management and the effective communication too. In addition to it, information technology has led in the gathering of the data which helps in the monitoring and in the sharing of the information. The relations in between supplier and the alliances of the supplier. In the way of the analysis tools for the purchasing management, the IT tools assists with the balance in between the firms which are including the buying process. The whole cost management approaches has to deal with the internal and the external information about the suppliers involved. Therefore, the development and the analysis by the organizations is done with the help of IT tools which are as the project-oriented costs management. Hence, this can be concluded as that in between the buyer and the seller the relationship s has strong influence over information and technology. Also, in case of the new product developments it has its immense influence over information and technology. These are the uses and the role of information technology and the communication in the process of the purchasing and the operations management with the help of their own specific tools meant for it. Faeser and neave being the top most organizations in Singapore strongly influences over it which has helped them build by strong buyer-seller relationships and the effective communication in making the organization bigger and successful. Conclusion Faeser and neave being the leading organizations amongst Singapore, has the objectives achieved with the help of the business strategies followed in the right manner. In addition to it, for the strategies to be effective and the objectives to be established the goals, vision and mission need to be very clear about it. For purchasing management to be more effective and efficient, it is necessary to make a right choice about the supplier selection, supply chain management, the procurement of the purchasing cost analysis and the effective uses of the newest driven information and the technology is to be used for it. Also, it is more important that the generation of value for money is there, as it is the key resource of purchasing management. This makes the goals of the business more strategic, in the purchasing management. It is concluded that in case the offerings according to the lowest costs of the raw materials, the negotiation techniques are also to be matched accordingly. And if t here is the increase strategy, there is a need to continuously evaluate the process and the ongoing deals. This helps in the long term relations with the supplier which shall help and support in negotiating in the supplier and the chain management. This is Faeser and neave purchasing management goals and the strategic management followed. References: Borsuk, R. (2000, June 26). FN attempts to fizz up operations but many want proof it isnt all gas. The Asian Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Chan, D. (1998, December 12). FN earnings plunge 74%. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Cua, G. (1995, April 8). FN to revamp its soft drinks and diary business in Malaysia. Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Fraser Neave. (1983). 1883-1983, the great years. Singapore: Fraser Neave. Fraser and Neave Limited. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Online from https://www.fraserandneave.com Fraser and Neave, Ltd. (1898, January 27). Singapore Free Press. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Goh, E. Y. (2006, November 11). FN hits another record net profit with $319.5m. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Goh, E. Y. (2008, July 2). More questions than answers in FNs management revamp. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Kang, W. C. (2010, November 22). Growth to continue at Fraser Neave, but stock has limited upside, analysts say. The Edge Singapore. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Koh, B. A. (1989, December 16). FN posts $155m pre-tax gain on record $1.1b sales. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Kusjanto, M. (2001, August 20). Fraser Neave builds takeover defence. Reuters News. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Lee, H. S. (1997, January 6). Tough years ahead as FN extends regional presence. Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Lee, H. S. (2000, April 27). Whats in Times Publishing that attracts FN?. Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Poon, A. (2006, December 9). FN sells 14.9% stake to Temasek for $900m. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Property leads FN earnings (1995, December 16). Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Raj, C. (2007, October 11). Breaking up may get easier to do at FN. Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Raj, C. (2007, October 15). FN gets extra shield with new chairman in place. Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Sreenivasan, V. (1999, October 14). Has FN lost its fizz after a century? Business Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Warden, G. (2007, February 19). FN catches tailwind from property boom. The Edge Singapore. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Yap, E. (2009, February 20). FN to regain distribution of soft drinks next year. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Yap, E. (2010, July 27). Temasek exits FN with $436m profit fizz. The Straits Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017. Yusman, A. (1998, October 1). Fizzling out. Malaysian Business. Retrieved January 20, 2017.